Data as Property in the AI Era: How China Formulates Related Rules Incrementally

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Image: Gerd Altmann, Big Data (Publicdomainpictures.net)

中国国家主席习近平于 2 月中旬会见了中国创新型公司的创始人，展示了中国的“新质生产力”——这—词由习主席于 2023 年提出，旨在强调创新在推动中国长期发展中的作用。会议室里弥漫着合作气氛，但在幕后，这些公司和其他创新公司在许多方面都竞争激烈，其中包括争夺对作为人工智能时代宝贵财产的数据的使用。中国敏锐地意识到了规范数据使用的必要性，但挑战在于如何正确地做到这—点。中国司法和行政部门采取的渐进措施，让我们看到了中国对此类规管的探索性方法。Read more

Data as Property in the AI Era: How China Formulates Related Rules Incrementally

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Image: Gerd Altmann, Big Data (Publicdomainpictures.net)

Chinese President XI Jinping’s mid-February meeting with founders of China’s innovative companies showcases the country’s “new quality productive forces”—a term coined by the president in 2023 to emphasize the role of innovation in driving the country’s long-term development. Despite the apparent collaboration prevailing in the meeting room, behind the scenes there is fierce competition among these and other innovative companies on many fronts, including the use of data, a valuable property in the era of artificial intelligence. China is acutely aware of the need to regulate the use of data, but the challenge is how to do so properly. Incremental steps taken by the judiciary and the executive in China provide a glimpse of the country’s exploratory approach to such regulation.Read more

Rednote and a Foreign Artist’s “Half Victory” in China’s Courts

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Images: Andrea Stöckel, Vintage Art Music Cats;
Karen Arnold, Do Not Copy Stamp (Publicdomainpictures.net)

最近，北京一所上诉法院在长达5年的官司中，判决一位比利时艺术家胜诉，维持了北京知识产权法院此前的判决，认定该艺术家画作多年被中国艺术家抄袭。取得胜利的关键一步是比利时艺术家成功争取到将案件保留于北京知识产权法院审判。世界各地所有寻求保护其著作权的艺术家都应该了解该法院在此案中采取的积极行动和判决留下的不清晰之处，以及为什么这些艺术家应该利用像小红书这样的平台来避免遭遇比利时艺术家所经历的煎熬。Read more

Rednote and a Foreign Artist’s “Half Victory” in China’s Courts

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In: SINOTALKS® In Brief | 丝络谈™简讯

Images: Andrea Stöckel, Vintage Art Music Cats;
Karen Arnold, Do Not Copy Stamp (Publicdomainpictures.net)

An appellate court in Beijing just delivered a victory to a Belgian artist in a five-year-long legal battle, upholding an earlier ruling of the Beijing Intellectual Property Court that his paintings have been plagiarized for years by a Chinese artist. A key step towards this victory was the Belgian artist’s success in keeping the case in the Beijing Intellectual Property Court. Artists around the world seeking to protect their copyrights should understand both the positive actions this court took in this case and the confusion that remains as a result of the court’s decision, as well as why they should leverage platforms such as Rednote to avoid ordeals like the one experienced by the Belgian artist.Read more

China’s NEW Proactive Approach to Recognizing and Enforcing Foreign Judgments

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Image: George Hodan, Royal Courts of Justice (Publicdomainpictures.net)

中国《外国国家豁免法》于 2024 年初生效，这引发了各方担忧中国司法机构会如何使外国国家受制于中国法律体系，因为该法代表着中国从容许外国国家在中国法院享有“绝对豁免”过渡到将豁免限制于某些类型的诉讼。正值担忧之际，最高人民法院刚刚发布了一起指导性案例，以说明其承认和执行外国判决的新主动方式。此方式不仅可以让各方对中国司法机构更加乐观，还可以通过外国当事人对中国承认和执行外国判决的意愿的信心提升，增强中国法院帮助该国在 2025 年及以后振兴经济的能力。Read more

China’s NEW Proactive Approach to Recognizing and Enforcing Foreign Judgments

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Image: George Hodan, Royal Courts of Justice (Publicdomainpictures.net)

The coming into effect of China’s Foreign State Immunity Law at the beginning of 2024 has sparked concerns about how the Chinese judiciary will subject foreign states to the Chinese legal system because the law represents China’s transition from affording foreign states “absolute immunity” in Chinese courts to restricting the immunity to certain types of lawsuits. Amidst these concerns, the Supreme People’s Court just released a Guiding Case to illustrate its new, proactive approach to recognizing and enforcing foreign judgments. This approach not only evokes more optimism about the Chinese judiciary, but also increases the capacity of Chinese courts to help China revive its economy in 2025 and beyond by increasing the confidence of foreign parties in China’s willingness to recognize and enforce foreign judgments.Read more

Law, Order, and China’s Global Leadership

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Image: Gerd Altmann, One Humanity (Publicdomainpictures.net)

中国为修订其“小刑法”而做出的努力得到了赞扬，因为最新的修订草案反映了当局对公众意见的积极回应。如果该法引起广泛关注的关键条款最终能够得到明确改进，中国将能获得更多来自联合国——其刚刚完成了对中国人权记录的第四轮普遍定期审议——的支持。过去十年，中国通过联合国增强了对其他成员国的影响力。因此，联合国强而有力的支持，对中国在日益充满争议的世界中发展其全球领导力是至关重要的。Read more

Law, Order, and China’s Global Leadership

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Image: Gerd Altmann, One Humanity (Publicdomainpictures.net)

China’s ongoing effort to amend its “mini-criminal law” has drawn praises because the latest draft amendment reflects the authorities’ positive responses to public comments. If key provisions that have aroused widespread concerns can be ultimately improved with clarity, China will be able to gain more support from the United Nations, which just completed its fourth-cycle Universal Periodic Review of China’s human rights record. Strong support from the United Nations—through which China has increased its influence with other member states in the past decade—is crucial to China’s development of its global leadership in an increasingly contentious world.Read more

Private Economy and China’s Credit System for Enterprises

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Image: Gerd Altmann, Business People (Publicdomainpictures.net)

中国正在就一项旨在促进该国民营企业发展的法律草案征求公众意见。该法律草案要求，当民营企业不再存在损害其信用的经营异常行为时，中国政府部门必须及时更新该企业在官方“信用信息平台”上公示的记录。对于中国民营企业来说，在信用信息平台上保持良好的记录至关重要，因为企业的商业伙伴和客户越来越依赖这些平台来评估企业的状况。然而，这些平台都有局限性，而如果不加以妥善处理，这些局限性可能会损害中国民营企业的发展，继而损害中国的民营经济。Read more

Private Economy and China’s Credit System for Enterprises

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Image: Gerd Altmann, Business People (Publicdomainpictures.net)

China is seeking public comments on a draft law aimed at promoting the development of the country’s private enterprises. The draft law requires Chinese authorities to timely update a private enterprise’s records publicized on official “credit information platforms” after the enterprise no longer has irregularities undermining its credibility. Having clean records on these platforms is important as private enterprises’ business partners and clients are increasingly relying on these platforms to assess where these enterprises stand. However, these platforms have limitations, which, if not addressed properly, could compromise the development of Chinese private enterprises and, thereby, the country’s private economy.Read more

Arbitration and China’s Global Business

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Image: Linnaea Mallette, Shipping Port (Publicdomainpictures.net)

全球商务对中国的重要性日益增加，故中国有必要表明其承认和执行外国仲裁裁决的决心。自 1987 年以来，中国一直是《纽约公约》的缔约国。该公约要求每个缔约国都确保其法院承认和执行在另一个缔约国作出的仲裁裁决，除非这种承认或执行违反其“公共政策”，或有其他例外情况。由于《纽约公约》没有对“公共政策”作出规定，中国法院如何解释此例外情况直接影响到外国当事人与中国开展业务的信心程度。中国最近发布的一起案例阐明了对此例外情况的解释。Read more

Arbitration and China’s Global Business

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Image: Linnaea Mallette, Shipping Port (Publicdomainpictures.net)

The growing importance of global business to China makes it crucial for the country to show its commitment to recognize and enforce foreign arbitral awards. Since 1987, China has been a contracting state of the New York Convention, which requires each contracting state to ensure that its judiciary recognizes and enforces an arbitral award made in another contracting state, unless such recognition or enforcement would be contrary to the contracting state’s “public policy”, among other exceptions. The convention does not interpret the “public policy” exception. How the Chinese judiciary interprets it directly influences foreign parties’ level of confidence in doing business with China. A recent court case in China sheds light on the interpretation of this exception.Read more

Key Talks in 1992, Court Cases in 2024, and “New Quality Productive Forces”

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Image: Mikhail Denishchenko, Production Technology (Publicdomainpictures.net)

由习近平主席于 2023 年提出的“新质生产力”一词，具有重大意义，因为中国领导层已确定了相关改革，其中提及不同类型的投资。已故改革派领导人邓小平在 1992 年发表的重要谈话以及中国最近发布的精选案例有助于阐明该词的含义。法院在这些案例中为了支持“新质生产力”的发展而采取的行动，能让投资者更好地评估相关机会。Read more

Key Talks in 1992, Court Cases in 2024, and “New Quality Productive Forces”

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Image: Mikhail Denishchenko, Production Technology (Publicdomainpictures.net)

Coined by President XI Jinping in 2023, the term “new quality productive forces” is of great significance because related reforms, with reference to various types of investment, have been identified by the Chinese leadership. Key talks given in 1992 by the late reformist leader DENG Xiaoping and select court cases recently released by China help illuminate the meaning of the term. Actions taken by the courts in these cases to support the development of “new quality productive forces” allow investors to better assess related opportunities.Read more

China’s Third Plenary Session: Implications for Strengthening Deterrence of Accounting Violations

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Image: Axelle B, Euros Handshake (Publicdomainpictures.net)

“强化上市公司监管”和“健全投资者保护机制”是2024年7月18日中国共产党第二十届中央委员会第三次全体会议通过且备受期待的决定中提出的众多改革任务之两项任务。虽然中国新修正的《会计法》可能有助于实现这些目标，但一起由最高人民法院判决的案例表明，有需要采取更多措施来有效解决这些问题。Read more

China’s Third Plenary Session: Implications for Strengthening Deterrence of Accounting Violations

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Image: Axelle B, Euros Handshake (Publicdomainpictures.net)

“Strengthening the regulation of listed companies” and “improving the mechanism for protecting investors” are among the many reform tasks identified in the widely anticipated decision adopted at the third plenary session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on July 18, 2024. While China’s newly amended Accounting Law may help accomplish these goals, a case decided by the Supreme People’s Court suggests that additional measures are required.Read more

China’s Promotion of Case-Based Legal Reasoning in the BRICS

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Images: George Hodan, Judge Gavel;
Maliz Ong, Black and White Brick Wall (Publicdomainpictures.net)

2018年，我与两位作者合著了一篇题为《案例文化在中国内外的传播》。我们分析了当时中国最高人民法院已发布的 96 个指导性案例（即：事实上具有约束力的案例）是如何在全国各地法院判决的 1,281 起后续案件中被引用的。我们得出了此结论：“指导性案例的初步成功似乎为中国案例文化的传播提供了肥沃的土壤，而鉴于中国渴望增加其在世界各地的影响，中国案例文化可能有机会在其他地方传播。6月中旬，一个机会出现了，让中国可以在金砖国家推广以案例为基础的法律推理文化。Read more

China’s Promotion of Case-Based Legal Reasoning in the BRICS

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Images: George Hodan, Judge Gavel;
Maliz Ong, Black and White Brick Wall (Publicdomainpictures.net)

In 2018, I co-authored an article titled Propagation of a Case Culture in China and Potentially Beyond.  Based on an analysis of how 96 Guiding Cases, de facto binding cases released by China’s Supreme People’s Court available at the time, had been referenced in 1,281 subsequent cases decided by courts across the country, my co-authors and I drew this conclusion: “the preliminary success of [Guiding Cases] seems to have provided fertile ground for the propagation of a case culture in China and, given the country’s eagerness to increase its presence around the world, this culture may have a chance to be propagated elsewhere.”  Just such an opportunity for China to propagate a culture of applying case-based legal reasoning in the BRICS arose in mid-June.Read more

Tesla, Data Transfers, & China’s Digital Economy

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Image: Gerd Altmann, Binary Contacts (Publicdomainpictures.net)

5月中旬，上海自由贸易区（“自贸区”）临港新片区发布试行措施，允许该片区符合条件的企业（所用标准意味着特斯拉具备资格）输出某些数据时无需经过中国复杂的审批流程。5月初，天津自贸区也采取了类似措施，预计中国其他自贸区也会效仿。这些措施对在华外国投资者非常有利。然而，发布这些措施的根本目标不仅是增加中国国内的外商投资，而是落实中国在全球发展数字经济的计划。Read more

Tesla, Data Transfers, & China’s Digital Economy

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Image: Gerd Altmann, Binary Contacts (Publicdomainpictures.net)

In mid-May, the Lin-Gang Area of the Shanghai Free Trade Zone (“FTZ”) issued trial measures to allow eligible companies in the area—criteria used suggest that Tesla is eligible—to export certain data without going through China’s complicated approval system. Similar measures were adopted by Tianjin’s FTZ in early May, while other FTZs in China are expected to follow suit. These measures can benefit foreign investors in China significantly. Yet, the fundamental goal of their issuance is not a mere increase in domestic foreign investment, but rather the implementation of China’s plan to develop its digital economy globally.Read more